Frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser ablation in laser structuring process

With the increasing demand for finer lines/spaces on PCB boards, a new technology—laser structuring—has emerged in recent years. In this research, the frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser is selected as the laser source in laser structuring; this laser is often used in miniaturization machining. This paper describes in detail the processing parameters’ influences, such as laser power, numbers of repetition, repetition rate and bite size, on laser structuring results. From the research results, it can be concluded that the line width and depth are increased with increases in the laser power and numbers of repetition. Repetition rate, bite size and velocity are related to one another. When the bite size is fixed, the velocity increases with the repetition rate and the depth of the line is decreased at the same time. When the repetition rate is fixed, velocity increases with the bite size.     

Large amplitude free flexural vibrations of laminated composite skew plates

Here, the large amplitude free flexural vibration behaviors of thin laminated composite skew plates are investigated using finite element approach. The formulation includes the effects of shear deformation, in-plane and rotary inertia. The geometric non-linearity based on von Karman's assumptions is introduced. The non-linear governing equations obtained employing Lagrange's equations of motion are solved using the direct iteration technique. The variation of non-linear frequency ratios with amplitudes is brought out considering different parameters such as skew angle, number of layers, fiber orientation, boundary condition and aspect ratio. The influence of higher vibration modes on the non-linear dynamic behavior of laminated skew plates is also highlighted. The present study reveals the redistribution of vibrating mode shape at certain amplitude of vibration depending on geometric and lamination parameters of the plate. Also, the degree of hardening behavior increases with the skew angle and its rate of change depends on the level of amplitude of vibration.     

Second-order hydroelastic analysis of a floating plate in multidirectional irregular waves

Based on an analysis of second-order hydrodynamic forces induced by coupling of first-order wave potentials, second-order hydroelastic equations are established and solved in the frequency domain. The responses of a very large floating structure in multidirectional irregular waves are studied. The characteristics of the difference and sum frequency coordinates are discussed in detail; peaks can be found at the difference and sum frequencies close to the wet resonant frequencies of each mode. We present and analyze the maximum vertical displacement of different points as well as the time history of the vertical displacements of selected points. The differences of the combined (the summation of the linear and non-linear responses) and linear displacements of the selected points are calculated. Our results demonstrate that non-linear fluid forces influence the total responses of the referenced floating structure.     

Maxentropic approach to decompound aggregate risk losses

A risk manager may be faced with the following problem: she/he has obtained loss data collected during a year, but the data only contains the total number of events and the total loss for that year. She/he suspects that there are different sources of risk, each occurring with a different frequency, and wants to identify the frequency with which each type of event occurs and if possible, the individual losses at each risk event.The purpose of this methodological note is to examine a combination of disentangling and decompounding procedures, to get as close as possible to that goal. The disentangling procedure is actually a two step process: First, a preliminary analysis is carried out to determine the number of risks groups present. Once that is decided, the underlying model for the frequency of each type of risk is worked out. After that we use the maxentropic techniques in the decompounding stage to determine the distribution of individual losses that aggregated yield the observed total loss.     

Switching on a two-dimensional time-harmonic scalar wave in the presence of a diffracting edge

This paper concerns the switching on of two-dimensional time-harmonic scalar waves. We first review the switch-on problem for a point source in free space, then proceed to analyse the analogous problem for the diffraction of a plane wave by a half-line (the ‘Sommerfeld problem’), determining in both cases the conditions under which the field is well-approximated by the solution of the corresponding frequency domain problem. In both cases the rate of convergence to the frequency domain solution is found to be dependent on the strength of the singularity on the leading wavefront. In the case of plane wave diffraction at grazing incidence the frequency domain solution is immediately attained along the shadow boundary after the arrival of the leading wavefront. The case of non-grazing incidence is also considered.     

基于自制超稳定F-P腔压窄632.8nm外腔半导体激光线宽的实验研究

窄线宽激光由于其具有单色性好、稳定度高、相干长度长等优点,广泛应用于光电检测领域,包括相干通信、精密测量、光学频率标准、吸收光谱计量以及光与物质相互作用研究等。目前频率稳定的氦氖激光器线宽可以达到MHz量级,分布反馈式（DFB）光纤激光器线宽可达kHz量级,DFB半导体激光器线宽可以达到MHz量级,然而光栅反馈半导体激光器可以实现百kHz量级线宽的输出。为了进一步压窄各类激光器线宽,需要通过反馈控制技术来锁定激光到某一频率参考。该研究将自行设计的超稳腔作为频率参考,实现了632.8 nm外腔半导体激光器（ECDL）线宽的有效压窄。本窄线宽激光产生系统的研制包括超稳腔设计、光路设计、ECDL频率控制以及系统集成。超稳腔采用两镜法布里-珀罗腔（F-P腔）结构,腔体是膨胀系数约为10-6 K-1的微晶玻璃,腔镜为一对反射率达99.988 5%(±0.003 5%）的平面镜和凹面镜。为进一步减小外界环境对F-P腔腔长的影响,需要对腔体进行温度控制,本系统采用四片总功率为96 W的半导体制冷片以及水冷散热设计。同时为了降低声音和空气流动对腔模频率的影响,将F-P腔置于真空度为10-5 torr的真空室中;另外为了有效隔振,腔体与真空室用硅橡胶材料隔离。该系统采用的ECDL为德国Toptica公司的DL pro系列激光器,其具有压电陶瓷（PZT）和电流调制两个频率控制端,响应带宽分别为1 kHz和100 MHz。激光器的频率控制采用了Pound-Drever-Hall （PDH）锁频技术,18 MHz的调制频率加载到激光器的电流调制端,通过对F-P腔的反射信号进行解调获得误差信号,通过两路反馈控制,实现了近1 MHz的锁定带宽。通过对系统的不断优化,最后将自由运转状态下约300 kHz的激光线宽压窄到了10 kHz量级,并且系统运行稳定,连续12小时锁定的频率漂移量约为30 MHz。该研究研制的632.8 nm窄线宽激光源不仅可以应用到吸收光谱计量领域,同时也可以在光学面型精密测量领域发挥重要作用。     

基于最小电压法的超声换能器谐振频率自动跟踪*

首先分析了最大电流法跟踪超声换能器谐振频率的原理及应用范围。研究了基于由串联电感和并联电容匹配电路下,不同频率时换能器两端电压电流的变化规律。研究表明在串联电感和并联电容匹配电路下发生谐振时,换能器两端的电压最小而电流并非最大。由此形成了采用最小电压法跟踪谐振频率的自动跟踪策略,并给出了该方法的具体实施步骤。论文研究结果为换能器谐振频率的自动跟踪方法提供了新的选择。     

Generation of attosecond pulses in molecular nitrogen

We investigate the carrier-envelope phase dependence of the total ionization yield for single and double ionization of xenon. We compare our results to theoretical calculations and to the phase dependent asymmetry in photoelectron emission. We observe that the phase dependence of the photoion yields, regardless if single or double ionization, is at least 2-3 orders of magnitude below the photoelectron emission signal. We conclude that total photoionization yields are only very weakly dependent on the carrier envelope phase, and that they are not a useful means for measurement of the phase. It seems possible that the broad bandwidth of few-cycle pulses facilitates multiphoton ionization, which leads to a randomization of strong field ionization phase dependencies. Besides, we observe that the spatial asymmetry in photoelectron emission appears to be useful as an indicator for the laser pulse duration in the few cycle regime.     

Near field acoustic solution of a rotating point source in frequency domain

I.IntroductionAerodyntalcnoiseofturbomaChinrynotoalythectstheenvironmentbutalsosometimesresultsinstructuredamage.Aeroacoustics,asaintewhsciPlineofacousticsandaerodynamics,isattractingmorandmoreatteDtionandresearch.TherearetwoimportalltcontentsonthenoiseproducingmechAnsmsinaeroacousticproblem.OneisaboutthesourcesofnoiseinturbomachinryGenetallytherearethreetyPesofsources:thickness,forceandturbulencestress,correspondingrespectivelyTomonopole,dipoleandquadruplesourcesThelatertwokindsofsourcesh…